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Fertility in Czechia within the polarity of urban vs. rural areas in 1996-2020
Veselá, Tereza ; Šídlo, Luděk (advisor) ; Havelková, Tereza (referee)
Fertility in Czechia within the polarity of urban vs. rural areas in 1996-2020 Abstract The intensity and timing of fertility have undergone significant development since the early 1990s in Czechia, which can be observed through several demographic indicators of fertility. This bachelor's thesis analyses the difference in the development of fertility intensity and timing between urban and rural municipalities for the entire Czechia and individual districts separately since 1996 to 2020. The theoretical part of the thesis addresses regional differentiation of fertility, fertility trends in the Czechia since the 1990s, and the definition of the concepts of urban and rural areas, based on which the municipalities of the Czechia are divided in the analytical part of the thesis. The aim of this study is to compare the fertility trends between urban and rural areas and identify regions with same or similar values of the resulting demographic indicators. In the analytical part of the thesis, further analysis is conducted on the differences in intensity and timing of fertility for each selected fertility indicator separately, which shows the differentiation of the studied urban and rural dichotomy. Key words: intensity and timing of fertility, urban area, rural area, total fertility rate, mean age of women at birth...
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The Impact of Family Policies on Fertility in the Visegrád Group
Gajdušková, Karolína ; Pleticha, Petr (advisor) ; Votápková, Jana (referee)
This thesis examines the effectiveness of family policies implemented in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries after the fall of communism in 1989 and their impact on the total fertility rate. While previous studies on this topic usually focused on one country or a larger group of countries, this thesis provides a comparative approach that enables a more interpretable comparison of policy effects. We analyzed the effects of seven family policies on fertility in the given countries. We chose the synthetic control method that simulated the evolution of the total fertility rate if the given policy had not been introduced. As a control group, we chose countries that are members of both the EU and the OECD. The findings highlight the diverse outcomes of family policies within the V4 Group. While the Czech Republic was successful in boosting fertility through effective allocation of public finances, Hungary's generous investment in family policies provided relatively limited results. For a long period, Poland did not invest in families much, which has changed in recent years and affected fertility positively, yet only a short-term impact is present. Despite allocating fewer resources, Slovakia has managed to maintain a stable total fertility rate. In summary, the impacts of family policies on fertility vary across...
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Analýza demograficko-ekonomické situace regionu jihovýchodní Asie v kontextu populačních politik
Hrbková, Aneta
The thesis deals with the demographic and economic situation in the region of Southeast Asia with the focus on population policy. There is a relation between population growth and economic development. The region of Southeast Asia is a dynamic demographic where some states have policies that control population growth. There are two types of population policy: antinatalist and pronatalist. Depending on the condition of the population, the state goverment will choose to implement one of these policies. The objective of my thesis is to find out which of these population policies was implemented in selected states in the region of Southeast Asia. In addition I will determine the impact on demographic and economic aspects of the region. I examined only the countries of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). I constructed composite indicators for my research. Based on the results of the composite indicators, I chose three case studies which are detailed in the thesis.
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The Dynamics of World Population Ageing
Bošková, Mariana ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (referee)
The dynamics of the world population ageing Abstract This thesis aims to evaluate the evolution of population ageing in the world. This subject is a current issue nowadays and will probably be in the future for many countries in the world. The evaluation of the population ageing is analysed through five indicators: old age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, total fertility rate, life expectancy at birth, and median age. Even though attention is mostly paid to the years 1950, 2015 and 2050, the thesis contains the growth index of all the used indicators as well. It shows the development over this hundred-year time horizon. While the population ageing has taken place mostly in economically developed countries in the past, this trend will most likely continue to be most pronounced in the fastest developing countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Asia in the future, with faster dynamics. Key words: demographic ageing, world, old age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, total fertility rate, life expectancy at birth, median age
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Comparison of Fertility Indicators in the Czech Republic and Other Countries of the EU
Medková, Barbora ; Fiala, Tomáš (advisor) ; Krbcová, Daniela (referee)
This Bachelor thesis compares selected period and cohort characteristics of fertility for 15 chosen European countries that are divided into four groups: post-communist countries, Northern European countries, Southern European countries and Western European countries. The aim of this thesis is to find out whether differences among selected groups of countries exist and whether differences between post-communist countries and the rest of the countries still prevail. Additionally, the thesis aims to indicate the aggregate fertility rates achieved, the average age of mothers at birth, and, finally, the proportion of children born outside marriage in countries in question. Moreover, the development of completed fertility of women born after World War II is examined to reveal whether the decline in cross-period total fertility has been later compensated at least partially, or whether the total fertility rate constantly decreases. The Eurostat and the Human Fertility databases were used to acquire elementary data. The data were later analysed. According to results, the total fertility rate in all selected countries during the second half of the last century had decreased. In some cases, it had fallen even under the level necessary to ensure basic reproduction of the population. During the present century, the aggregate total fertility rates have been fairly stable; in some countries, even moderate growth can be seen. Despite the initial decline over the past decade, the mean age of women at childbirth has been increasing in most of the countries, and oscillates around the age of 30. Also, the high proportion of children born outside marriage can be seen. Currently, apart from few exceptions, the proportion of children born outside marriage ranges between 40 and 60%. Furthermore, the research results show also that the majority of selected period and cohort characteristics examined differ a lot among the selected groups of countries. It was find out that the completed cohort fertility is decreasing with time in Southern and Northern European countries. It is assumed that the completed cohort fertility is going to increase in Western European countries for generations born after the year 1980. For post-communist countries it is assumed that the figures are going to increase for the youngest generations.
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Changes in development of fertility and birth rates depending on the economic conditions in the Czech Republic
Sudová, Petra ; Arltová, Markéta (advisor) ; Šimpach, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the birth rate and fertility rate in dependence on the economic conditions of the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to analyze relations between selected socio-economic indicators and total fertility rate on the basis of available data and to evaluate changes related to birth and fertility in the Czech Republic, which occurred in the period 1993-2015. The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and analytical. In the theoretical part are described the basic methods of calculating the characteristics for the analysis of the level of birthrate and fertility, as well as the development of selected socio-economic indicators. An important part of the first part of the diploma thesis is specification of used methods within time series. The second part is practically focused on cointegration analysis and subsequent assembly of single-row models from which error correction models were obtained by transformation. These can be used to describe short and long term relationships between time series. Explained variables are aggregate fertility in all assembled models, the explanatory variables are GDP, average gross monthly wage, final consumption expenditure for households, child allowances, parental allowance and household loans per capita.
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Fertility development in the USA
Fialová, Lucie ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Janáková Kuprová, Barbora (referee)
Fertility development in the USA Abstract The aim of this theses is to analyse the development of a fertility rate in the USA. As a tool for this analysis I am using the following indicators: total fertility rate, age specific fertility rate and mean age at birth. The population of United States of America is very heterogeneous therefore it is important to take the racial and ethnic differentiation into account when analysing fertility. Every racial/ethnic group is unique and has its own demographic behaviour. Because the fertility rate also varies in different states, this work has one part on regional differences in fertility rate. This theses also includes a chapter on demographic theories, such as the first and second demographic transition and the lowest-low fertility. Theories describe and explain changes in reproductive behaviour of the population. Keywords: Age specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, mean age at birth
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Family policy and reproductive behaviour in the Visegrad Group states after 1990
Krejčí, Anna ; Kocourková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Šťastná, Anna (referee) ; Černíková, Alena (referee)
Family policy andreproductive behaviour in the VisegradGroup states after 1990 Abstract In post-communist countries, the fertility decline has been already subjected in many researches. Aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse trends in fertility and family policy in the Visegrad countries. The goal was to find out how the post-1990 approach on family policy and response to changing social conditions differed in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The study describes settings for each family benefits including the changes in the examined period of 1990-2013. On that basis 5-year periods were defined and assessed. The fertility analysis is focused on the total and completed fertility rate and also by parity and age-specific fertility rates. The period effect was estimated using age-period-cohort (APC) models which decompose fertility rates for age, period and cohort effects. Models were based on fertility of women aged 25-49 years in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Results in all three countries suggest that the decline in fertility in 1995-1999 wasa reaction to the changing socio-economic conditions in 1990-1994. However, the negative effect of this period was mitigated by changes in the distribution of cohorts. The period 2000-2004 has brought many positive changes that were behind...
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Impact of economic crisis on fertility level in EU member states
Kortanová, Jana ; Kocourková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Šťastná, Anna (referee) ; Černíková, Alena (referee)
Impact of economic crisis on fertility level in EU member states Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a detailed development overview of the selected indicators, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate and total fertility rate, in the context of the Global Economic Crisis, which, on a European scale, started in 2008, and evaluate the impact of the crisis on fertility levels across EU countries. The diploma thesis further concerns itself with various approaches to the relation between economic development and fertility, briefly with the causes of the Global Economic Crisis and with family policy measures in response to worsening economic conditions. Using cluster and regression analyses, the relationship between the economic indicators and total fertility rates in relation to the onset of the crisis has been examined. Even though total fertility rates of individual EU countries were affected differently by the change of economic conditions, the results indicate that changes in unemployment rates affect fertility levels. The decline in fertility levels during the crisis, which occurred in most of the examined countries, is certainly the result of a large number of factors affecting reproductive behaviour. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the symptoms of the crisis significantly...
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